A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. For example, servus, servī ('slave') could be servos, accusative servom.

1. This group of nouns includes masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns. This Latin word is probably related to the Greek ῑ̓ός (ios) meaning "venom" or "rust" and the Sanskrit word विष viṣa meaning "toxic, poison". The locative endings for the fourth declension are -ī (singular), and probably -ū (singular) as well; senātī "at [the] senate", domī "at home".

The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns including genū, genūs n. ('knee'). The dative, ablative, and locative are always identical in the plural. Also, the mixed declension is used in the plural-only adjective plūrēs, plūra ('most').

As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. There is no contraction of -iī(s) in plural forms and in the locative. Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined, or have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender.Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension.There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) meus, tuus, noster, vester are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed, e.g.
[11], In Neo-Latin, a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of ‘viruses’, which leads to the following declension:[12][13][14]. fīlie "[O] son", archaic vocative of fīlius. However, the locative is limited to few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words. Mass nouns pluralize only under special circumstances, hence the non-existence of plural forms in the texts. They can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym ūnus nauta. ), 'inhabitant' (incola, incolae ma… Superlatives are formed by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem and are thus declined like first and second declension adjectives. Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural. The plural and dative singular forms equal the forms of pure Latin words. Some adjectives, however, like the one-ending vetus, veteris ('old, aged'), have -e in the ablative singular, -um in the genitive plural, and -a in the nominative and accusative neuter plural. Some third declension adjectives with two endings in -lis in the masculine–feminine nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. [2] and it is also still used in Germany and most European countries. [16], The accusative singular ending -im is found only in a few words: always in tussis 'cough', sitis 'thirst', Tiberis 'River Tiber'; usually in secūris 'axe', turris 'tower'; occasionally in nāvis 'ship'. This order was first introduced in Benjamin Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise. There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: cor, cordis ('heart') and os, ossis ('bone'). Each noun has either the ending -ēī or -eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having -ium in the genitive plural (and occasionally -īs in the accusative plural). However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals. This is so for only a few nouns, such as artūs pl., ('limbs'). For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amōris, 'love').

The weak demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it': This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g.

Nine first and second declension pronominal adjectives are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. Adjectives are of two kinds: those like bonus, bona, bonum 'good' use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter. Duo is declined irregularly, trēs is declined like a third-declension plural adjective, -centī ('hundred') numerals decline like first- and second-declension adjectives, and mīlle is invariable in the singular and declined like a third-declension i-stem neuter noun in the plural: The plural endings for ūnus are used with plūrālia tantum nouns, e. g. ūna castra (one [military] camp), ūnae scālae (one ladder).

The cardinal numbers ūnus 'one', duo 'two', and trēs 'three' also have their own declensions (ūnus has genitive -īus like a pronoun), and there are also numeral adjectives such as bīnī 'a pair, two each', which decline like ordinary adjectives. There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of gemstones, plants, trees, and some towns and cities. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the suffix -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae. A Student's Latin Grammar, by Cambridge Latin Course's Robin, This page was last edited on 26 September 2020, at 19:20. Adjectives ending -ius use the vocative -ie (ēbrie, "[O] drunk man", vocative of ēbrius), just as in Old Latin all -ius nouns did (fīlie, "[O] son", archaic vocative of fīlius). The vocative singular of deus is not attested in Classical Latin. ), 'charioteer' (aurīga, aurīgae masc. The traditional order was formerly used in England, for example in The School and University Eton Latin Grammar (1861). ), 'inhabitant' (incola, incolae masc. Other adjectives such as celer, celeris, celere belong to the third declension. Most nouns, however, have accusative singular -em.[17]. 19.5.2000 – 6.12.2002, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33n1qYq9Liw, "C. Plinii Secvndi Novocomensis Epistolarum libri X.: Eiusdem Panegyricus Traiano Principi dictus. Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns.

Some first- and second-declension adjectives' masculine form end in -er. The case names are often abbreviated to the first three letters. ), 'pirate' (pīrāta, pīrātae masc. The locative endings for the first declension are -ae (singular) and -īs (plural), similar to the genitive singular and ablative plural, as in mīlitiae 'in war' and Athēnīs 'at Athens'.[5]. Doublet of declination. The names of the cases also were mostly translated from the Greek terms, such as accusativus from the Greek αἰτιατική.

These include 'farmer' (agricola, agricolae masc. for the adjectival form. The first declension also holds three types of Greek nouns, derived from Ancient Greek's Alpha Declension. Nouns ending in -iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + -ēs have short eī in these cases. Like third and second declension -r nouns, the masculine ends in -er. declension (countable and uncountable, plural declensions) A falling off, decay or descent. The Latin word vīrus (the ī indicates a long i) means "1. slimy liquid, slime; 2. poison, venom", denoting the venom of a snake. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. Iulij Obsequentis Prodigiorum liber. There are no fourth- or fifth-declension adjectives. A way of categorizing nouns, pronouns, or adjectives according to the inflections they receive. Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. It has no possessive adjective; the genitive is used instead: pater eius 'his/her father'; pater eōrum 'their father'. ), 'writer' (scrība, scrībae masc. Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.

The pronoun or pronominal adjective īdem, eadem, idem means 'the same'. Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgeréta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelēgerétēs. There are five declensions for Latin nouns: Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. Eiusdem de Viris illustrib. For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see the Wiktionary appendix First declension.
Both declensions derive from the Indo-European dual number, otherwise defunct in Latin, rather than the plural.

Instead, magis ('more') and maximē ('most'), the comparative and superlative degrees of magnoperē ('much, greatly'), respectively, are used. Many adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus or -guus, also follow this rule. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the suffix -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae. Ūnus, ūna, ūnum is declined like a first- and second-declension pronoun with -īus or -ius in the genitive, and -ī in the dative.

Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences: These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives (tōtus 'whole', sōlus 'alone', ūnus 'one', nūllus 'no', alius 'another', alter 'another [of two]', etc.) The word ambō ('both'), is declined like duo except that its o is long. In the dative and ablative plural, -ibus is sometimes replaced with -ubus.

The genitives for both are formed by adding -iōris. [7] In Old Latin, however, the vocative was declined regularly, using -ie instead, e.g. As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives.

[10], Since vīrus in antiquity denoted something uncountable, it was a mass noun. Sē, suī has a possessive adjective: suus, sua, suum, meaning 'his/her/its/their own': When 'his' or 'her' refers to someone else, not the subject, the genitive pronoun eius (as well as eōrum and eārum) 'of him' is used instead of suus: When one sentence is embedded inside another with a different subject, sē and suus can refer to either subject: For the third-person pronoun is 'he', see below. Originally meaning "favored by the gods, blessed, divine". There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. From Middle English declenson, from Middle French declinaison (Modern French: déclinaison), from Latin dēclīnātiō. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um.

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