[216] She opposed Henry's proposal in 1155 to invade Ireland and give the lands to William, however, possibly on the grounds that the project was impractical, and instead William received large grants of land in England. [121] The Pope declined to reverse his earlier support for Stephen, but from Matilda's perspective the case usefully established that Stephen's claim was disputed. The couple suspected that they lacked genuine support in England for their claim to the throne, and proposed in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda and should insist that the Norman nobility immediately swear allegiance to her.

[112] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support, but he remained in Normandy throughout the year, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. [130] Her influence extended down into Devon and Cornwall, and north through Herefordshire, but her authority in these areas remained limited. See today's front and back pages, download the newspaper, [201], Matilda increasingly devoted her efforts to the administration of Normandy, rather than the war in England.

[202] Geoffrey sent the Bishop of Thérouanne to Rome in 1148 to campaign for Henry's right to the English throne, and opinion within the English Church gradually shifted in Henry's favour. [197][nb 19], Matilda decided to return to Normandy in 1148, partially due to her difficulties with the Church. In 1139, Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester and her uncle King David I of Scotland, while Geoffrey focused on conquering Normandy. [13], Matilda helped to deal with several diplomatic crises. [148] Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury was unwilling to declare Matilda queen so rapidly, however, and a delegation of clergy and nobles, headed by Theobald, travelled to Bristol to see Stephen, who agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him.

This is a hasty judgement based on two or three hostile English chroniclers; such evidence as there is suggests Geoffrey was at least as much to blame".

Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.

[136] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [263], The civil war years of Matilda's life have been the subject of historical fiction. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as a child when she married the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. She travelled with her husband into Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned in St Peter's Basilica, and acted as the imperial regent in Italy.

[221] Her remains were lost again after the destruction of Bec-Hellouin's church by Napoleon, but were found once more in 1846 and this time reburied at Rouen Cathedral, where they remain.

Reports say the separation was a mutual decision, but they had been planning on splitting up since the previous October and discussions continued.

[222] Her Italian administration included the Italian chancellor, backed by experienced administrators. [13] Matilda explained that she disagreed with Henry's attempts to codify English customs, which Becket was opposed to, but also condemned poor administration in the English Church and Becket's own headstrong behaviour.

[54] Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. [66] It was essential to Henry that he not face a threat from the south as well as the east of Normandy.

[154], Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again and, in the absence of Waleran of Beaumont, who was still fighting in England, Geoffrey took all the Duchy south of the River Seine and east of the Risle. William and Matilda's mother—Matilda of Scotland—had died in 1118, and so Henry took a new wife, Adeliza of Louvain.

[112] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area.

[143] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the Angevin army. [221], In the Holy Roman Empire, the young Matilda's court included knights, chaplains and ladies-in-waiting, although, unlike some queens of the period, she did not have her own personal chancellor to run her household, instead using the imperial chancellor. [132] Stephen continued into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. [3][nb 2] Henry was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, who had invaded England in 1066, creating an empire stretching into Wales. [251], Tudor scholars were interested in Matilda's right of succession.

Matilda had made a private deal with Henry that he would deliver the support of the Church in exchange for being granted control over Church affairs. Express. [254] By the 19th century, the archival sources on Matilda's life, including charters, foundation histories, and letters, were being uncovered and analysed.

[93] Stephen had sworn to support Matilda in 1127, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath, and suggested that the King had changed his mind on his deathbed. [122][nb 15] Matilda stayed at Arundel Castle, while Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King and declare for Matilda.

[252] According to 16th century standards, Matilda had a clear right to the English throne, and academics therefore struggled to explain why Matilda had acquiesced to her son Henry's kingship at the end of the war, rather than ruling directly herself. [86] Contemporary chronicler accounts were coloured by subsequent events. William and Matilda's mother—Matilda of Scotland—had died in 1118, and so Henry took a new wife, Adeliza of Louvain. The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain.

On Emperor Henry V's death, Matilda was recalled to Normandy by her father, who arranged for her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou to form an alliance to protect his southern borders. [24], Political conflict broke out across the Empire shortly after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrested his Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.

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